The Development Of Psychology As A Scientific Discipline Philosophy Essay

The Development Of Psychology As A Scientific Discipline Philosophy Essay One of the most notable figure in the development of psychology as a scientific discipline is RenÄâ€Å" Descartes, a French philosopher and mathematician. Descartes was most recognized as a proponent of dualism which supported the idea that all reality can be divided into two vivid and distinct entities: mind and matter. Descartes distinguished himself from other philosophers in that he proposed an existing link or interaction between mind and matter called interactionism. This was the key development in psychology as a scientific discipline because it led to two key principles in psychology introspectionism and behaviourism. Despite Descartes emphasis on the rationalism which is the pursuit of truth through the process of reasoning, John Locke, the British first empiricist, suggested that empiricism which involves the pursuit of truth through observation and experience is the preferred method of investigation. Being the pioneer to define self through a continuity of consciousness, Locke postulated that the mind was a blank slate of tabula rasa. Contrary to Descarts cartesian philosophy, he believed that we were born without innate idea and that the knowledge is instead measured only by experience derived from various sense perceptions. Yet, some of the information attained from our senses is subjective and non-trustworthy while some are objective and trustworthy. He put great emphasis upon the belief that our knowledge of complex experiences were made up from the links between simple and primary sensations. This idea was further developed by David Hume, a Scottish philosopher, known especially for his philosophical empiricism and scepticism. Yet, there was a slight difference from Lockes argument. While Locke wrote of innate ideas, Hume introduced the concept of perceptions which consisted of impressions and ideas and strove to develop a total naturalistic science of man that examined the human nature on a psychological basis. To Hume, impressions were the most important perceptions because they were derived directly from observations. He strongly believed that only empirically derived content are valuable and trustworthy. Thus, he developed positivism the philosophy of science rooted on the view that data derived from sensory experience and that logical and mathematical analysis of such data produce all authoritative knowledge. In contrast to the empiricists, George Berkely, an Anglo-Irish philosopher proposed that our knowledge comes from the inferences derived from experience through our senses instead of simply coming from direct experiences. His notable achievement of the advancement of the theory called immaterialism or subjective idealism which denies the existence of material substance. In contrast, this theory contends that objects are only ideas in the perceivers minds hence cannot exist without being perceived. A Scottish philosopher, Kames Mill then further developed on the idea and moved the focus from animism to materialism which is a belief that truth can be founded only after a thorough understanding of our physical world. The assumption that Mill insisted was that humans and animals were basically the same that both were entirely physical in their outer look and were totally subjected to the physical laws of the universe. Though agreed in essence with Descartes primary approach in understanding the human body, Mill was against the concept of an immaterial mind. Later on in the mid-1800s, a German physiologist, Wilhelm Wundt, used scientific research methods to investigate reaction times and his book, Principles of Physiological Psychology illustrated many of the main connections between the science of physiology and the study of humans thought and behaviour. The opening of the worlds first psychology lab at the University of Leipzig in 1879 marked the official beginning of psychology as a distinct scientific discipline. Wundt maintained that psychology is a study of humans consciousness and intended to apply as many experimental methods as possible to investigating and understanding internal mental processes. Though his use of introspection is seen as a non-trustable and non-scientific method today, his early work during the days helped to kick-start a stage for future experimental methods and hence was significant in the development of psychology as a scientific discipline. One of the Wundts most famous student, Edward B.Titchener went on to develop amd found psychologys first major school of thought and proposed the idea that human consciousness can be broken down into smaller parts via introspection. He was one of the most prominent structuralist. While structuralism was notable for its emphasis on science research, its methods were less convincing, unreliable, limiting and subjective. The concept essentially died when Titchener passed away in 1927. In response to structuralism, functionalism, an American perspective which was largely influenced by the work of William James and the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin emerged. Functionalists sought for explanation for the mental processes in much systematic and accurate way. Instead of focussing on the elements of consciousness, they focussed on its purpose. This brings psychology a step closer to scientific discipline by placing great emphasis on systematic research method. In early 20th Century, another major school of thought known as behaviourism rose to dominance. It was a significant change from the past theoretical views. In fact, it was aimed to transform psychology into a much scientific discipline by solely emphasising on observable behaviour. It was started by Ivan Pavlov and two of the strongest advocates were John B.Watson and B.F. Skinner. However, behaviourism does not encourage scientific psychology. Among all, the concept of empiricism developed by philosophers John Locke and David Hume was the most significant leap in the development of psychology as a scientific discipline.

Rainy Days

Rainy Days Essay By Taylor Chance 11/20/13 Rainy days are wonderful to me. Sometimes they can be a hassle but I still love them. The only time I usually have rainy days is when it is July though. Rainy days are awesome to me sense I can do a lot of things in my own house. The reasons why I like rainy days mainly is because I can sing, listen to music, relax, and eat comforting food. First of all, the reason I like rainy days is because I love to sing.During my rainy days sense the air is usually moist and the temperature is usually cold, it is my favorite time to practice. The climate actually helps my voice by making it very moist instead of dry. If I sing with a dry throat, it will damage my vocal chords and it would also damage my tonsils since I would be straining my voice. So I like to play it on the safe side and practice the most on rainy days. Nonetheless, I love to listen to music on rainy days. I mostly listen to sad or calm music because it relaxes me and brings out my emo tions.It gets even better when I look out the window and I see the gloomy, wispy, and foggy roads and the grasshoppers, birds, and squirrels take cover under big, green trees or leaves with dew from the rain on them as I see the whitish, greyish rain splatter all over the place. My favorite song that I like to listen to most is called â€Å"How to Avoid the Sun† by Bi Rain; it is one of the most beautiful songs I’ve heard or at least one of the nicest songs I’ve listened to.Music also makes me realize new things and wonder about the world especially when it is raining. Another reason is that I love to relax during rainy days. Hearing the pitter patter of the raindrops going on the ground while there is loud thunder as little cool, white or yellow strikes in the sky that looks like a crack in the dark, grey clouds called lightening flash all over the place. I could just flop down on my bed and cuddle under my warm, soft blankets to be nice, cozy, and comfy.Anothe r thing I like to do is take a nap to the sounds of the rain or daydream. It makes me feel like it is winter or something because the cold temperature also relaxes me. Finally, the last reason I love rainy days is because I can eat as much fattening food as I want. Ice cream, hot chocolate, tea, you name it and I will eat it. Eating is one of my favorite things to do even though I do not eat a lot. These are my comfort foods during rainy days to also help me relax.The taste of the creamy, doughy ice cream tickles my taste buds and gives me a brain freeze sense I eat too fast because cookie dough ice cream is my favorite; the hot chocolate is sweet, warm, and it’s warmth makes me feel nice and cozy; and my tea is one of my favorites even though it is healthy. I usually drink tea warm and unsweetened because I try to stay skinny at the same time and my favorite tea is either Darjeeling or Tao: lemon grass and green tea but, these are the reasons why I love rainy days.

Government Control Essay - 635 Words

Any government with total control is worth being feared and having a group of individuals who go against their government. With complete control, a government is capable of committing acts against their citizens, which can be perceived as â€Å"something good† from the government’s point of view. In 1984 by George Orwell, and â€Å"Harrison Bergeron†, by Kurt Vonnegut, the main characters, Winston and Harrison, feel oppressed by the governments acts and events, try to overthrow their government, and go through a realization of hopelessness and defeat. With complete control, a government is capable of committing acts against their citizens, which can be perceived as â€Å"something good† from the government’s point of view. Winston Smith feels†¦show more content†¦The mental and physical handicaps he wore gave him headaches and left him half blind. This is why Harrison began to go against his government. Both Winston and Harrison decided to go rebel against their governments and against the government’s thoughts and ways. As a result, Winston’s and Harrison’s actions led to greater acts of rebellion. Winston began affair with Julia and he began to study the work of the Brotherhood leader, Emmanuel Goldstein (Orwell, 151). Winston believed that he would have to study this to become a member of the infamous Brotherhood. The Brotherhood is the secret, anti-government organization that Winston felt he needed to be a part of. He believed that this would be the ultimate action against The Party. Harrison didn’t need a group or secret organization to rebel against the government. His size gave him an advantage to escape prison (Vonnegut, 24). Harrison escaped from prison to show everyone he isn’t afraid of his government. He went on television to show everyone that he is a greater ruler than any man who ever lived. Winston and Harrison didn’t really recognize how deep they were invol ved against their government. Consequently, both Winston’s and Harrison’s actions had severe penalties. Winston and Julia were caught by the Thought Police with Goldstein’s work and they were taken to the Ministry of Love to be severely tortured for their actions (Orwell, 185). Even though they knew theShow MoreRelatedGovernment Control And Procedural Guarantees871 Words   |  4 Pages1. Regulated capitalism is private ownership with some government control and procedural guarantees. While social democracy is mostly private ownership but extensive government control with substantive and procedural guarantees. An example of how the government regulates an aspect of our economy is the FDA. In a regulated capitalism the owner of a cupcake industry owns the factory but has regulations it must meet according to the FDA. Compared to a social democracy the state would own the factoryRead MoreBirth Control and the Government Essay1092 Words   |  5 Pagesof debate is the topic of birth control and the government. A dangerous couple, it raises the question of who should have control over contraceptive laws and what controls involving them should be put in place? Currently, under the Obama Administration, the Affordable Care Act and â€Å"Obamacare† have b een created. One of the sections of this new plan creates a mandate which requires private businesses to provide insurance that covers birth control costs. The government should not be able to force businessesRead MoreGovernment As An Institution Of Social Control991 Words   |  4 Pagessystem of government is set up differently, in general the purpose of government is to be an institution of social control. The American government was set up to protect the rights of all of its citizens, particularly to protect the minority from the will of the majority. The foundation of the American government is the Constitution, and it is from this document that we can understand the basic role of the American government. Beyond what is outlined in the Constitution, the American government alsoRead MoreGovernment Censorship and Control in Brave New World1747 Words   |  7 Pagescitizens have forfeited all personal liberties for government protection and stability; Aldous Huxley’s B rave New World, explores a civilization in which this hypothetical has become reality. The inevitable trade-off of citizens’ freedoms for government protection traditionally follows periods of war and terror. The voluntary degradation of the citizens’ rights begins with small, benign steps to full, totalitarian control. Major methods for government control and censorship are political, religious, economicRead MoreGovernment Control In George Orwells1984, By George Orwell805 Words   |  4 PagesEvery day, governments control what people know, what they learn, and what they can do. What if the people in society were punished for believing differently than their government? In the book, â€Å"1984† by George Orwell, the government manipulated the people into believing a certain way, the government’s way. If the people challenged the beliefs of the government, they were tortured excessively, then carefully sculpted and shaped into an ally of the governme nt. Their old self no longer existedRead MoreThe Federal Government Controls Unrestricted Means870 Words   |  4 Pages Today, the federal government controls unrestricted means to execute whatsoever the elected official desire, without reverence for the Constitution the aforementioned vanished gradually. Common people are not knowledgeable that the United States in 1776 did not have an income tax, and in 1913; a perpetual income tax was inflicted upon the people. In actual fact, the Constitution disallowed an income tax. For longer than a century, the leadership endured completely without proceeds from wages. FormerlyRead MoreGas And Oil Company Is The State Where Government Control Is Limited And Texans950 Words   |  4 Pagesand Environmental Hazard of Fracking and Use of Plastic Bags in Texas Texas is the state where government control is limited and Texans want to grow up by own self. Most of the cities have general rule and some have home rule. There are council-manager, mayor-council, mayor- manager which form local government. There is county government and has 254 counties in Texas. The members elected in the government by the people to represent their problem at state and federal level. They need to aware what isRead MoreThe Government Should Not Control What Children Eat Essay1841 Words   |  8 Pageshowever the government has no place trying to control this. (CDC, 2008) The current administration over steps its authority moving beyond the control of federally funded school lunches and into oversight of privately owned vending machines in public schools. Major corporations are being bullied into censoring their advertisement exposure to younger children so that the government won’t impose their own regulations. It is a parent’s responsibility and right to educate their children and control what theyRead MoreGun Control And The Federal Gover nment892 Words   |  4 PagesFor years gun control advocates pushed for a law passed by the federal government. For years this has not worked as the government has not wanted to touch the matter and have potential backlash. Although the federal government has not done much and does not seem to be doing anything any time soon, the states have huge potential to start the change. State governments can decide what laws can be passed and how serious their guns laws will and should be. Since the rise of mass shootings in schoolsRead MoreApproaches to Government Control on Expenditure1323 Words   |  5 Pages1. INTRODUCTION Money is central to the functioning of a government, revenue is generated by the imposition of taxes and the money received is then spent by the Commonwealth subject to appropriation. The scope of the governments’ capacity to spend public moneys has been a controversial issue for many years, due to the uncertainty surrounding the scope of the spending power. This essay will determine which approach to Government’s control on expenditure is more favourable; the narrow approach, where

A Sucessful Ruler in Machiavellis Eyes Essay - 574 Words

Many factors went into determining whether or not a prince or king was successful or not. Some of these factors were simple things such as the kings personality or the method by which he comes to power. Niccolo Machiavelli wrote this book as a guide for Lorenzo Medici to become a good ruler. He describes these factors, but attributes most leaders achievements to their taking advantage of local circumstances. Machiavelli attributes military victory to having a strong army composed of native soldiers and strongly discourages using a mercenary army. The availability of soldiers is a local circumstance that can result in victory or defeat for a king. Another important local factor that can determine a thriving leader involves the land†¦show more content†¦Hiring of mercenaries has lead to the downfall of many great empires and kingdoms. The Roman Empire was brought down, in part, because of their growing reliance on disloyal mercenaries to control the frontier borders. T he most crushing example of mercenaries leading to self destruction is gone into great detail by Machiavelli when he describes how they have lead to the ruin of his dear Italy. We can see throughout history that the most successful armies have been compiled of native, home-grown troops. Many examples are given, including the armies of Hiero of Syracuse, Charles VII, and even David of the Old Testament. The availability of soldiers and native troops was a local circumstance that affects the successfulness of a ruler because with them he can become mighty but without them he can accomplish nothing. The other local factor that can differ from place to place and has a large impact on the success of a leader, deals with the differences between a rulers customs, language, and religion and those of the conquered peoples. In the situation where differences exist, Machiavelli suggested that the most effective method to employ was for the prince or king to go and live there himself. This would allow the king to react more quickly

The Corruption Of Saddam Hussein - 1488 Words

Throughout history corruption has been laid upon many countries changing it in numerous ways. This corruption derives through certain people, creating a havoc for those having to follow orders set by leaders they blindly follow. In Iraq, citizens have been tortured, forced to relocate their families, arrested and murdered. All of this happened under the control of Saddam Hussein and we have neither found, nor did he offer an explanation to these actions. He has been notorious for attacking people who disagreed with his opinions, especially other politicians that would give any sort of competition to access leadership for Iraq. He is responsible for persecuting and denying his own citizens human rights. Not only physically but financially, spending all of the countries money on monuments and palaces as he watches his people die from malnutrition and lack of medical attention. Saddam Hussein was born on April 28, 1937 in a village called Ouja, near Tikrit in Northern Iraq, He grew up in a broken home, His family was poor, they were peasants who did not have a home. He grew up without a father, it is unknown if his father died or disappeared when he was younger. When he was still a child, he was sent to live with his uncle, Khairallah Tulfah, who made a deep impact on what Hussein later did in his life. There is proof that Saddam was connected to violence at an early age. There are several reports that link him to the murders of a school teacher and/or aShow MoreRelatedCorruption Of Power Essay1142 Words   |  5 Pagesas if that person was a God, which is a sign of the corruption in that individual. According to Lord Actin, Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely, states that power can make an individual vulnerable to corruption. The second portion of Lord Actin?s quote discusses absolute power corrupting absolutely which implies that abso lute power can corrupt an individual as well as the individual?s surroundings. This idea of corruption can be located in fictional novels such as Animal FarmRead MoreU.s. Involvement During The Persian Gulf War1374 Words   |  6 PagesPersian Gulf War included Saddam Hussein’s invasion of Kuwait, his control over a sizable share of the world’s oil reserves and his power over the economies of the world. Many Americans believe that the first Persian Gulf War was not necessary for the United States. On August 2, 1990, Iraqi leader, Saddam Hussein, attacked Kuwait as a result of overproduction of oil in Kuwait, which had cost Iraq an estimated $14 billion a year when oil process of obtaining the oil fell. Hussein accused Kuwait of illegallyRead MoreEthics And Morality : A Noble Cause Corruption1196 Words   |  5 Pages In some cases, unethical ways may even be illegal. Noble cause corruption is a prime example of when a person will utilize unethical means for a result to benefit the greater good. Noble cause corruption differs with traditional corruption. Traditional corruption is defined by personal gain whereas noble cause corruption forms when a person will do anything in their power to prove their righteousness. Usually noble cause corruption is found in such cases as where individuals feel they are not beingRead MoreWar In Iraq Essay1522 Words   |  7 Pagescivilians have been directly attributed to the invasion, coupled with the destruction of their infrastructure, the theft of their natural resources, and the rise of sectarian violence, has left Iraq worse off now than under the brutal dictatorship of Saddam Hussein. (Sherwood).(4) It is time for those responsible for these crimes to be held accountable. Though possible to prosecute the Bush officials in an international court, it will be difficult due to the protections put in place under the 2002 AmericanRead MoreTribalism in the Middle East and North Africa1043 Words   |  4 Pages(Al-Qassemi). In Libya, tribal affiliation can play an important role in securing employment and public services, in much the same way as university affiliations and networks are believed by some people to influence employment and career prospects (Hussein). Tribalism in the Middle East and North Africa still plays an important role in modern daily life. However, the role of tribalism varies. While significant distinctions exist in the nature of tribalism in Iraq and Libya, their similarities offerRead MoreEssay on The Iraq War2167 Words   |  9 PagesFrance and Germany desired to diffuse it using anything but force. In order to properly evaluate all options in this case, one must ask themselves how immediate a threat did Saddam Hussein pose to the United States and what is the best way to counter that threat? In my estimation, Saddam Hussein (Wikipedia, Saddam Hussein, 2011) posed no immediate threat to the United States. Thus, the US government had the time to cultivate a plan to remove him from power that was agreeable to all involved. Read MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1913 Words   |  8 Pagesmoney. It happens to be a rather confidential sort of thing† (Fitzgerald 82). Gatsby commits acts of evil constantly throughout the book, but this evil was not always there. Gatsby was not born evil, but becomes evil later on in his life. Gatsby’s corruption and evil comes from his childhood hardships. â€Å"His parents were shiftless and unsuccessful farm people† (Fitzgerald 98). Gatsby lived a poor childhood, dreaming of a life that was opposite of his. Gatsby never accepted his parents or his life, soRead More The History of Iraq Essay2679 Words   |  11 Pagesrepublic government on the land. (Iraq Foreign Policy, Brittanica, 2010) Pre-invasion Iraq reflected the views and policies of its leader, Saddam Hussein, who made his first political appearance as a supporter of the Ba’ath Party. He was jailed in 1967 for this, and after his escape quickly rose to power within the faction. (Saddam Hussein Biography, 2008) Saddam became known for his political talent and progressiveness, and soon became a popular politician. After working on extensive unificationRead MoreU.s. Iraq During The Reign Of Saddam Hussein4113 Words   |  17 Pagesof Saddam Hussein†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... Page 3-7 Summary of first half†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Page 7 Iraq after the overthrow of Saddam Hussein†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Page 7-13 Summary of Second half†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 13 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... Page 14-15 Analysis of Current Events: ISIS in Iraq†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......Page 16 Works Cited†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 17 Abstract In order to fully interpret the nation of Iraq’s holistic condition during and after the Saddam EraRead MoreUnited States Involvement in Organized Conspiracy 1184 Words   |  5 Pagesimprove national security or a conspiracy to seek personal satisfaction? On March 19, 2003 a war was waged under public scrutiny, to destroy the Baathist regime headed by the Iraqi leader, Saddam Hussein. This pivotal point in United States history marked the beginning of public concern about political corruption within our government as a means to convey personal satisfaction. National security became the ground breaking concern in the United States after the tragic events unfolded on September

Fundamentals of Speech Chapter 7 Assignment Free Essays

Fundamentals of Speech (Stiefel) CHAPTER 7 ASSIGNMENT Student Name: Below are arguments based on faulty reasoning. Identify the fallacy used (use a fallacy only ONCE): 1. Loaded WordsIt’s ridiculous to worry about protecting America’s national parks against pollution when innocent people are being attacked by terrorists. We will write a custom essay sample on Fundamentals of Speech Chapter 7 Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. Red HerringThe proposal is likely to be resisted by the business-as-usual bureaucrats on Capitol Hill. 3. Celebrity EndorsementQueen Latifah promotes Cover Girl Cosmetics, so they must be good quality. 4. HearsayMy friend heard on the news the other day that the U. S. will declare war on Iran. . Question BeggingSince I’m not lying, it follows that I’m telling the truth. 6. Slippery SlopeIf we allow the school board to spend money remodeling the gymnasium, next year they will want to build a new school and give all the teachers a huge raise. Taxes will soar so high that businesses will leave and then there will be no jobs for anyone in this town. 7. Invalid AnalogyRaising a child is just like having a pet: you need to feed it, play with it, and everything will be fine. 8. Personal AttackI can’t support Senator Smith’s proposal for campaign finance reform because of all that time he spent in rehab back in the 1980s. . Hasty GeneralizationFred, the Australian, stole my wallet. Thus, all Australians are thieves. 10. False DillemaIf you don’t support the war in Iraq, then you don’t support the troops. 11. Authority FigureNoted psychologist Dr. Frasier Crane recommends that you buy the TurboSpa Hot Tub. 12. Either OrWe must either increase tuition or cut back on library services. 13. Arguing From IgnoranceSince you cannot prove that ghosts do not exist, they must exist. 14. Complex QuestionHave you stopped using illegal sales practices? 15. Prejudicial LanguageA godly person would agree that social programs must be maintained. 6. CoercionOnly those employees who want to keep their jobs should show up to the Saturday morning work session. 17. Straw ManSome people claim the â€Å"War on Drugs† is a failure, but I say they are wrong. 18. Unnamed AuthorityHealthcare insiders estimate there are more than 2 million needless surgical procedures conducted every year. 19. BandwagonI don’t see any reason to wear a helmet when I ride my bicycle. None of my friends do. 20. Cause and EffectThe Great Depression was caused by the Hoover administration. Herbert Hoover became president in March 1929, and the stock market crashed just seven months later. How to cite Fundamentals of Speech Chapter 7 Assignment, Papers

emily dickinsons poetry Essay Example For Students

emily dickinsons poetry Essay : Emily Dickinson is regarded as one of thegreatest American poets that have ever existed.(Benfey 5) The uniquequalities of her brief, but emotional, poems were so uncommon that they made herpeerless in a sense that her writing could not be compared to. -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-* Copyright DueNow.com Inc. *Category:BiographiesPaper Title:emily dickinsons poetryText:EMILY DICKINSON:DEATH TAKES LIFE IN POETRYEmily Dickinson is regarded as one of the greatest American poets thathave ever existed.(Benfey 5) The unique qualities of her brief, butemotional, poems were so uncommon that they made her peerless in a sense thather writing could not be compared to. Her diverse poetic character could bedirectly connected to her tragic and unusual life. The poems that she wrote wereoften about death and things of that nature, and can be related to herdistressed existence. Dickinsons forthright examination of her philosophicaland religious skepticis m, her unorthodox attitude toward her sex and calling,and her distinctive stylecharacterized by elliptical compressed expression,striking imagery and innovative poetic structurehave earned widespreadacclaim, and her poems have become some of the best loved in Americanliterature. Although only seven of Dickinsons poems were published during her lifetimeand her work drew harsh criticism when it first appeared, many of her shortlyrics on the subjects of nature, love, death, and immortality are nowconsidered among the most emotionally and intellectually profound in the Englishlanguage. Biographers generally agree that, Emily Dickinson experienced an emotionalcrisis of an undetermined nature in the early 1860s.(Cameron 26) Dickinsonsantisocial behavior became excessive following 1869. Her refusal to leave herhome or to meet visitors, her gnomic sayings, and her habit of always wearing awhite dress earned her a reputation of eccentricity among her neighbors.(Cameron29) Her intellectual and social isolation further increased when her father diedsuddenly in 1874 and he was left to care for her invalid mother. The death ofher mother in 1882 followed two years later by the death of Judge Otis P. Lord,a close family friend and her most satisfying romantic attachment, contributedto what Dickinson described as an attack of nerves.(Cameron 29)Emily Dickinsons distressed state of mind is believed to have inspired herto write more abundantly: in 1862 alone she is thought to have composed over 300poems. Her absorption in the world of feeling found some relief in associationswith nature; yet although she loved nature and wrote many nature lyrics, herinterpretations are always more or less swayed by her own state of being.(Benfey22) The quality of her writing is profoundly stirring, because it betrays,not the intellectual pioneer, but the acutely observant woman, whose capacityfor feeling was profound.(Bennet 61)All seven of the poems published during her lifetime were publishedanonymously and some were done without consent. The editors of theperiodicals in which her lyrics appeared made significant alterations to them inattempt to regularize the meter and grammar, consequently discouraging Dickinsonfrom seeking further publication.(Fuller 17)When her poetry was first published in a complete unedited edition after herdeath, Emily was acknowledged as a poet who was truly ahead of her time. However, there is no doubt that critics are justified in complaining that, Herwork was often cryptic in thought and unmelodious in expression.(Bennet 64)Today, an increasing number of studies from diverse critical viewpoints aredevoted to her life and works, thus securing Dickinsons status as a majorpoet. Theres a certain slant of light is a poem in which seasonal changebecomes a symbol of inner change. The relationship of inner and outer change iscontrasted. It begins with a moment of arrest that signals the nature andmeaning of winter. It tells that summer passed but insists that the passingoccurred so slowly that it did not seem like the betrayal that it really was.(Bloom122) The comparison to the slow fading of grief also implies a failure ofawareness on the speakers part. The second and third lines begin adescription of a transitional period, and their claim that the speaker felt nobetrayal shows that she had to struggle against this feeling. The next eightlines create, A personified scene of late summer or early autumn. Thedistilled quiet allows time for contemplation.(Eberwein 354) The twilightlong begun suggests that the speaker is getting used to the coming season andis aware that change was occurring before she truly noticed it. These linesreinforce the poems initial descrip tion of a slow lapse and also convey the ideathat foreknowledge of decline is part of the human condition.(Bloom 124) Thepersonification of the polite but coldly determined guest, who insists onleaving no matter how earnestly she is asked to stay, is convincing on therealistic level. On the level of analogy, the courtesy probably correspondsto the restrained beauty of the season, and the cold determination correspondsto the inevitability of the years cycle.(Bloom 122) The movement fromidentification with sequestered nature to nature as a departing figurecommunicates the involvement of humans in the seasonal life cycle. The lastfour lines shift the metaphor and relax the tension. Summer leaves by secretmeans. The missing wing keel suggest a mysterious fluiditygreater thanthat of air or water. Summer escapes into the beautiful, which is a repositoryof creation that promises to send more beauty into the world.(Eberwein 355)The balanced picture of the departing guest has prepared us fo r this low-keyconclusion. A number of Emily Dickinsons poems about poetry relating the poet to anaudience probably have their genesis in her own frustrations and uncertaintiesabout the publication of her own work. This is my letter to the World,written about 1862, the year of Emily Dickinsons greatest productivity looksforward to the fate of her poems after her death. The world that never wrote toher is her whole potential audience who will not recognize her talent oraspirations. She gives nature credit for her heart and material in a halfapologetic manner, as if she were merely the carrier of natures message.(Bloom297) The fact that this message is committed to people who will come after hertransfers the uncertainty of her achievement to its future observers, as if theywere somehow responsible for its neglect while she was alive. The plea thatshe be judged tenderly for natures sake combines an insistence on imitation ofnature as the basis of her art with a special plea for tenderness towards herown fragility or sensitivity; but poetry should be judged by how well the poetachieves his or her intention and not by the poem alone, as Emily Dickinsonsurely knew.(Bloom 297) This particular poems generalization about herisolationand its apologetic tonetends toward the sentimental, but one candetect some desperation underneath the softness.(Bloom 298)Her poem, Tell all the Truth, but tell it slant immediately remindsus of all the indirection in Emily Dickinsons poems: her condensations, vaguereferences, renowned puzzles, and perhaps even her slant rhymes. The idea ofartistic success lying in circuitthat is, in confusion and symbolismgoeswell with the stress on amazing sense and staggering paradoxes which we haveseen her express elsewhere.(Eberwein 171) The notion that Truth is too muchfor our infirm delight is puzzling. On the very personal level for Emilysmind, infirm delight would correspond to her fear or experience and herpreference for anticipation over fulfillment. For her, Truths surpri se had toremain in the world of imagination. However, superb surprise sounds moredelightful than frightening.(Bloom 89) Lightning indeed is a threat becauseof its physical danger and its accompanying thunder is scary, but it is notclear how dazzling truth can blind usunless it is the deepest of spiritualtruths. These lines can be simplified to mean that raw experience needs artisticelaboration to give it depth and to enable us to contemplate it. Thecontemplation theme is reasonably convincing but, The poem coheres poorly anduses an awed and apologetic tone to cajole us into disregarding its faults.(Bloom89)Success is counted sweetest, Dickinsons most famous poem aboutcompensation is more complicated and less cheerful. It proceeds by inductivelogic to show how painful situations create knowledge and experience nototherwise available.(Eberwein 18) The poem opens with a generalization aboutpeople who never succeed. They treasure the idea of success more than others do. How Emerging Technology Effects Modern Society EssayIn This World is not Conclusion, Emily Dickinson dramatizes aconflict faith in immortality and severe doubt.(Bloom 55) Her earliesteditors omitted the last eight lines of the poem distorting its meaning andcreating a flat conclusion. The complete poem can be divided into two parts: thefirst twelve lines and the final eight lines.(Eberwein 89) It starts byemphatically affirming that there is a world beyond death which we cannot seebut which we still can understand intuitively, as we do music. Lines fourthrough eight introduce conflict. Immortality is attractive but puzzling. Evenwise people must pass through the riddle of death without knowing where they aregoing.(Bloom 55) The ungrammatical dont combined with the elevateddiction of philosophy and sagacity suggests the irritability of alittle girl. In the next four lines, the speaker struggles to assert faith. Her faith now appears in the form of a bird that is searching for reasons tobelieve. But available evidence proves as irrelevant as twigs and as indefiniteas the directions shown by a spinning weathervane. The desperation of a birdaimlessly looking for its way is analogous to the behavior of preachers whosegestures and hallelujahs cannot point the way to faith.(Bloom 56) These lasttwo lines suggest that the narcotic which these preachers offer cannot stilltheir own doubts, in addition to the doubts of others. Although the difficult This Consciousness that is aware deals withdeath, it is at least equally concerned with discovery of personal identitythrough the suffering that accompanies dying. The poem opens by dramatizingthe sense of mortality which people often feel when they contrast theirindividual time bound lives to the world passing by them.(Eberwein 49) Wordorder in the second stanza is reversed. The speaker anticipates movingbetween experience and deaththat is, from experience into death by means ofthe experiment of dying. Dying is an experiment because it will test us, andallow us, and no one else, to know if our qualities are high enough to let ussurvive beyond death.(Bloom 137) The last stanza offers a summary that makesthe death experience an analogy for other means of gaining self-knowledge inlife. Neither boastful nor fearful, this poem accepts the necessity ofpainful testing.(Bloom 137)Even this modest selection of Emily Dickinsons poems reveal that death isher principal su bject. In fact, because the topic is related to many of herother concerns, it is difficult to say how many of her poems concentrate ondeath, but over half of them, at least partly, and about third centrally,feature it. Most of these poems also touch on the subject of religionalthoughshe did write about religion without mentioning death. Life in a small NewEngland town in Dickinsons time contained a high mortality rate for youngpeople. As a result, there were frequent death-scenes in homes. This factorcontributed to her preoccupation with death, as well as her withdrawal from theworld, her anguish over her lack of romantic love, and her doubts aboutfulfillment beyond the grave.(Cameron 114) Years ago, Emily Dickinsonsinterest in death was often criticized as being morbid, but in time, Readerstend to be impressed by her sensitive and imaginative handling of this painfulsubject.(Stonum 83) Her poems concentrating on death can be divided into fourcategories: those focusing on death as p ossible extinction, those dramatizingthe question of whether the soul survives death, those asserting a firm faith inimmortality, and those directly treating Gods concern with peoples livesand destinies. If nothing else had come out of our life but this strange poetry we shouldfeel that in the work of Emily Dickinson, America, or New England rather, hadmade a distinctive addition to the literature of the world, and could not beleft out of any record of it.(Benfey 66)works citedBedard, Michael. Emily. New York: Doubleday, 1992. Benfey, Christopher. Emily Dickinson : Life of a Poet. New york: GeorgeBraziller,1986. Bennet, Paula. Emily Dickinson : Woman Poet. New York: Univ of Iowa Press,1991. Bloom, Harold. Emily Dickinson (Modern Critical Views). New York: ChelseaHouse,1999. Cameron, Sharon. Choosing Not Choosing : Dickinsons Fascicles. New York:University of Chicago Press, 1993. Dickinson, Emily. Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson. New York: Little Brown Co,1976. Eberwein, Jane Donahue. An Emily Dickinson Encyclopedia. New York: GreenwoodPublishing Group, 1998. Fuller, Jamie. The Diary of Emily Dickinson. New York: St. Martins Press,1996. Stonum, Gary Lee. The Dickinson Sublime (Wisconsin Project on AmericanWriters). New York: Univ of Wisconsin Press, 1990. -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-